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⛰️ PREHISTORIC ROOTS (Before 1000 BCE)

~35,000 BCE – Cave Echoes: Cro-Magnon humans leave art in Altamira Cave, painting bison in ochre and charcoal — Europe’s first known masterpieces.

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🏛️ IBERIANS, CELTS & COLONIES (1000–218 BCE)

1000 BCE – Whispers of Arrival: Iberians inhabit the land. Celts arrive later, creating Celtiberian tribes inland.
~600 BCE – Sea Traders: Phoenicians establish Gadir (Cádiz), followed by Greeks and Carthaginians, who bring olives, wine, and writing.

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🛡️ ROME RISES (218 BCE – 476 CE)

218 BCE – Punic Flames: Rome invades during the Second Punic War; Hannibal marches elephants through the Pyrenees.
19 BCE – Hispania Pacified: Rome conquers all; Hispania becomes a breadbasket and source of emperors (e.g., Trajan, Hadrian).
312 CE – Faith Shift: Christianity spreads under Roman rule.

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⚔️ VISIGOTHIC KINGDOM (476–711)

476 – Twilight of Rome: Rome falls; Visigoths seize Hispania.
589 – Conversion: King Reccared converts to Catholicism, unifying faith in the kingdom.
711 – The Last King Falls: Roderic is defeated at Guadalete. A new era begins.

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🌙 AL-ANDALUS (711–1492)

711 – Umayyads Arrive: Muslims from North Africa cross the Strait of Gibraltar.
756 – Emirate of Córdoba: Abd al-Rahman I creates a dazzling, multicultural capital.
929 – Caliphate of Córdoba: A golden age in science, architecture, and philosophy.
1085 – Toledo Falls: Christian forces begin the Reconquista in earnest.
1212 – Las Navas de Tolosa: Turning point victory for Christian kingdoms.
1492 – Granada Surrenders: Last Muslim kingdom falls. End of Al-Andalus.

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🌍 IMPERIAL SPAIN (1492–1700)

1492 – A Triple Dawn:

• Columbus sails west.
• Jews are expelled.
• Spain unites under Ferdinand & Isabella.
  1516 – Charles V Crowned: Spain becomes a global empire.
  1588 – Armada Defeated: England sinks Spain’s “invincible” fleet.
  1609 – Moriscos Expelled: Cultural loss; religious intolerance deepens.
  1640 – Portugal Rebels: Spain begins to crumble.

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🏰 BOURBONS & ENLIGHTENMENT (1700–1808)

1700 – War of Succession: Bourbons rise; centralized power grows.
1759–88 – Carlos III Reigns: Enlightened despot brings reform, roads, science.

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🔥 NAPOLEON & REVOLUTION (1808–1833)

1808 – Peninsular War Begins: Napoleon invades; guerrilla warfare ignites.
1812 – Cádiz Constitution: First liberal constitution in Spanish history.
1814 – Restoration: Ferdinand VII returns, undoes reforms.

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⚖️ INSTABILITY & EMPIRE LOST (1833–1898)

1833–75 – Civil Wars: Carlist Wars divide the nation.
1898 – Disaster of ’98: Spain loses Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the U.S.

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🌹 REPUBLIC, WAR & DICTATORSHIP (1931–1975)

1931 – Second Republic: Hopes for democracy rise.
1936–39 – Spanish Civil War: Franco defeats Republicans.
1939–75 – Franco Regime: Authoritarian rule; Spain isolated, then slowly modernized.

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🕊️ DEMOCRACY & EUROPE (1975–Today)

1975 – Franco Dies: King Juan Carlos I guides peaceful transition to democracy.
1978 – New Constitution: Spain becomes a parliamentary monarchy.
1986 – EU Membership: Spain joins the European Community.
2004 – Madrid Bombings: Terror strikes the capital; unity and grief follow.
2014 – Monarchy Change: King Felipe VI ascends the throne.
2023 – Progressive Waves: Spain continues leading in gender equality and green policy.

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🌟 A Living Tapestry

Spain’s story is one of collision and fusion: of Roman law, Islamic science, Catholic grandeur, republican dreams, and artistic revolutions. Its identity is not fixed but constantly braided by its past — from flamenco rhythms to Catalan autonomy.